Weather-resistant concrete



l@-88 Wm Patented Oct. 21, 1952 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE WEATHER-RESISTANT CONCRETE Patrick J. Keating, In, Scarsdale, N. Y., assignor to The TeYaa-G'ompany, New York, N. Y., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Application April 13, 1949,

Serial No. 87 35 7 Claims. (01. 106-88) 2 1 This invention relates to cement and concrete concrete products highly resistant to freezing and or enhanced resistance to freezing and thawing. thawing. Thus, small proportions of the order The invention is concerned with the entrainof .002 to 0.1 per cent by weight of the cement ment of air in ceme concrete to increase content are adequate for most mixes to effect the res nc 5 a em 0 reezing and 5 desired 3 to 6 per cent air entrainment. thawing and contemplates the incorporation of The soluble oils are very convenient and easy air in the material by means of oil emulsions and to use in the preparation of concrete mixes. The with the aid of soluble oils. presence of the soluble oil emulsion in the wet A Soluble 91,1 is an oil solution that disperses cement or concre mlX improves the workabil' ity rea y when added to water; it is a clear oil 1 of the mix and by the use of the soluble oil an solution that is self-emuls'jing when combined accurate control can be obtained for securing the with watt-2r. SoWfiiWiidf ""Fi: desired amount of air entrainment. The stable m g a sd utfin of the oil and various soaps an character of the emulsions from the soluble oils e n a ents pro ucing clear so u lOIlS. provides for retention of entrained air in the When water is me to the soluble oil a my o c ete o uc emulsion is readily formed. r Example mfieiaractice of the invention the ubl i m is added to the water employed in making the Y a of example, a Soluble 011 was prepared when; or concrete mix. The soluble oil in confrom the followmg materla 1 M tact with the water immediately forms an emul; Per cent by weight sion whicl ij ungtions to entrain air in the mix s m sulfonate on mixture 16.0 ifi'tfie form' of finl'y divided disconnected bub- Gum min 4.2 bles. Naphthenic acid 7.1

By incorporating air in the cement or concrete sodium hydroxide 49% 2.0 through the agency of these emulsions it is found 2 Ethylene glycol monobutyl th r 1.0 that a product of greatly enhanced resistance to w t 0.9 freezing and thawing can be produced without p on 6 .8

significant im irment of stren th. In makin weather resist x it con it is g enerally consid The pale used m the Preparatmn of p 4 er esira e incorporateinthe concrete quanggfi z rg g z g gg g i 2 252 il amwntmg holt-Universal. The sodium sulfonate oil mixso By means of the present invention such propor- W tions of air in a highly divided and dispersed We was tamed by 6 ma men Pe 811m... t

form through the aggregate mass can readily be IuBn'cating oil with sulfuric acid and caus 1 obtained without any serious loss in compressive :g f ggf gg ag l zg gigj g g gstrength. e 14..

form the sodium sulfonate oil mixture. The The preferred soluble oils are prepared from as L lvedin so 8 of the 18 on and w g g -g g g 2 Z GE Eg -F gs sodium sulfonate oil mixture under the applicamineml m fig with 40 tion of heat. The naphthemc acid and the caus- Hrfous aikafi a1 emulsifying materials tic solution were added and saponification efsuch particum fected, after which the'water, the ethylene glycol nates n5 hth" fies W monobutyl ether and the rest of the sodium sulfonate oil mixture and pale oil were added.

stances may be me uded 1n the soluble Oll mixture, such as mutualsolvents of th oil and sea s Example B and emulsif in a cat's and viscosit reduci i when Hi her be 15 gg gggggggg gg fifii was Prepared r emulsifying properties. e so ub e oil solutions are homogeneous or clear soluti'ons and when Per cent they "are added to water readily"form I by weight staple emulsions. In the mixing of the cement Sodium Sulfonate oil mixture 22.0 or mortar or'oncrete air entrained by the Hard rosin 2.5 emulsions and incorporat' d therein to produce Sodium hydroxide (49%) 0.7 'ai'iiroduct of greatly increased resistance to freez- Water 1.0 ing and thawing. Triethanolamine 1.0

Very small quantities of the soluble oils are Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 0.6

adequate to produce suflicient, air entrainment for Pale oil 72.2

The same type of 70 viscosity pale oil and the same type of sodium sulfonate oil mixture were employed as in the previous example. The rosin was dissolved in a portion of the oil. After saponification was effected with the caustic soda, the triethanolamine, water, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and the rest of the pale oil were added.

A concrete mix was prepared in accordance with the Standard Recommended Practice for the Design of Concrete Mixes (ACI No. 613-44, Journal American Concrete Institute, Proceedings, vol. 41, June, 1945). The mixer was charged first with sand, then with Portland cement and finally with coarse aggregate. After 15 sectb'nds of dry mixing the water containing the soluble oil A was added and the materia were m r a out 2-3 minutes. Another concrete mix was prepared in a manner similar to that of the preceding mix except that no air-entraining agent was added. The following table gives a significant comparison of the two concrete products:

Ooncre e Control with Concrete Soluble Oil A Percent sand It will be seen that the compressive and fiexural strengths of the concrete prepared with this soluble oil as the air-entraining agent fully satisfy the AS'I'M tentative specifications as outlined in AS'IM Bulletin 148.

Concrete mixes were prepared with different proportions of the soluble oil A to effect air entrainment in various amounts. Thus, for example, in these particular concrete mixes, .0025 weight per cent of the soluble oil based on the cement content gave an air entrainment of 3 per cent by volume of concrete and .0300 per cent of soluble oil gave an air entrainment of 6 per cent. Samples of concrete were tested by the freezing and thawing test in which the samples were subjected to alternate freezing and thawing until they showed a weight loss of 20 per cent. The following table shows the amounts of air in the several samples and the corresponding number of cycles of freezing and thawing:

Percent Air By way of comparison the control sample of concrete, in the preparation of which no air-en training agent was used, had a freezing and thawing test of 82 cycles and a material which has been recognized as an air-entraining agent gave a product with per cent air entrainment having a freezing and thawing test of 118 cycles.

Concrete mixes were prepared with the soluble oil B used to entrain various amounts of air.

These were given the freezing and thawing test with the following results:

Percent Air Cycles P t ZB day Comercen presslve Percent sulfonate Oil Mixture Air Strength In the freezing and thawing tests the following results were obtained.

Percent Air Cycles Although a preferred embodiment of the invention has been described herein, it will be understood that various changes and modifications may be made therein, while securing to a greater or less extent some or all of the benefits of the invention, without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.

I claim:

1. A concrete of high compressive strength containing about 3-6% by volume of entrained air and having a high resistance to freezing and thawing prepared from a wet mix of Portland cement and aggregate containing an air entraining emulsion formed of water and soluble oil, the latter comprising as essential components a naphthene base distillate lubricating oil, mahogany sulfonate derived from the sulfonation of mineral lubricating oil, rosin soap and sodium naphthenate, said soluble oil being present in a quantity within a range of about .002-0.1% by weight of the Portland cement of the mix.

2. A wet concrete mix adapted upon hardening to yield a concrete of high compressive strength containing about 3-6% by volume of entrained air and having a high resistance to freezing and thawing, said wet concrete mix containing as essential ingredients Portland cement, aggregate and an air entraining emulsion formed of water and soluble oil, the latter comprising as essential components a naphthene base distillate lubricating oil, mahogany sulfonate derived from the sulfonation of mineral lubricating oil and rosin soap, said soluble oil being present in a quantity within a range of about .0020.1% by weight of the Portland cement of the mix.

3. A wet concrete mix adapted upon hardening to yield a concrete of -high compressive strength containing about 3-6% by volume of entrained air and having a high resistance to freezing and thawing, said wet concrete mix containing as essential ingredients Portland cement, aggregate, and an air entraining emulsion formed of water and soluble oil, the latter comprising as essential components a naphthene base distillate lubricating oil, mahogany su1' fonate derived from the sulfonation of mineral lubricating oil, rosin soap and sodium naphthenate, said soluble oil being present in a quantity within a range of about .0025-.03% by weight based on the Portland cement of the mix.

4. The method of preparing concrete of high compressive strength containing about 3-6% by volume of entrained air and having a high resistance to freezing and thawing that comprises incorporating in a mix of Portland cement and aggregate an air entraining emulsion formed of water and soluble oil, the latter of which comprises as essential components a naphthene base distillate lubricating oil, mahogany sulfonate derived from the sulfonation of mineral lubricating oil and rosin soap, said soluble oil being employed in a quantity within a range of approximately .0020.1% by weight based on the Portland cement content of the mix.

5. The method of preparing a concrete of high compressive strength containing about 3-6% by volume of entrained air and having a high resistance to freezing and thawing that comprises incorporating in a mix of Portland cement and aggregate an air entraining emulsion formed of water and soluble oil the latter of which comprises as essential components a. naphthene base distillate lubricating oil, mahogany sulfonate derived from the sulfonation of mineral lubricating oil, rosin soap and sodium naphthenate, said soluble oil being employed in a quantity within a range of approximately .0025-.03% by weight based on the Portland cement content of the mix.

6. In the preparation 01' concrete of high com- 40 pressive strength containing about 3-6% by.

volume of entrained air and having enhanced resistance to freezing and thawing from a wet mixture of Portland cement and aggregate, the step that consists in adding to the water employed in making the mix a soluble oil in a quantity within a range of approximately .002-0.1% by weight based on the Portland cement content of the mix and comprising as essential components a naphthene base distillate lubricating oil, mahogany sulfonate derived from the sulfonation of mineral lubricating oil, rosin soap and sodium naphthenate.

7. In the preparation of concrete of high compressive strength containing about 36% by volume of entrained air and having enhanced resistance to freezing and thawing from a wet mixture of Portland cement and aggregate, the step that consists in adding to the water employed in making the mix a soluble oil in a quantity within a range of approximately .002-0.1% by weight based on the Portland cement content of the mix and comprising as essential components a naphthene base distillate lubricating oil, mahogany sulfonate derived from the su lfonation of mineral lubricating oil and ro in'so'afi.

PATRICK J. KEATING, JR.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,048,695 Horn Dec. 31, 1912 1,109,540 Olson Sept. 1, 1914 1,772,999 Huber Aug. 12, 1930 1,782,383 Greider Nov. 18, 1930 2,058,821 Peck Oct. 27, 1936 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 4,892 Australia of 1927 240,744 Switzerland of 1946 575,439 Great Britain of 1946 

1. A CONCRETE OF HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH CONTAINING ABOUT 3-6% BY VOLUME OF ENTRAINED AIR AND HAVING A HIGH RESISTENCE TO FREEZING AND THAWING PREPARED FROM A WET MIX OF PORTLAND CEMENT AND AGGREGATE CONTAINING AN AIR ENTRAINING EMULSION FORMED OF WATER AND SOLUBLE OIL, THE LATTER COMPRISING AS ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS A NAPHTHENE BASE DISTILLATE LUBRICATING OIL, MAHOGANY SULFONATE DERIVED FROM THE SULFONATION OF MINERAL LUBRICATING OIL, ROSIN SOAP AND SODIUM NAPHTHENATE, SAID SOLUBLE OIL BEING PRESENT IN A QUANTITY WITHIN A RANGE OF ABOUT .002-0.1% BY WEIGHT OF THE PORTLAND CEMENT OF THE MIX. 